In SQL, operators are special symbols that perform operations on one or more expressions and return a result. Understanding these operators is essential for writing effective SQL queries.
SQL Arithmethic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical calculations.
- Addition (
+): Adds two values. - Subtraction (
-): Subtracts one value from another. - Multiplication (
*): Multiplies two values. - Division (
/): Divides one value by another. - Modulus (
%): Returns the remainder of a division operation.
SQL Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators are used to perform operations on binary representations of integers. These operators are typically used for manipulating binary data.
- AND (
&): Compares each bit of two integers and returns a bit set to 1 if both bits are 1. - OR (
|): Compares each bit of two integers and returns a bit set to 1 if at least one of the bits is 1. - XOR (
^): Compares each bit of two integers and returns a bit set to 1 if only one of the bits is 1. - NOT (
~): Inverts all bits of an integer.
SQL Comparison Operators
Comparison operators are used to compare two values and return a boolean result (true or false).
- Equal (
=): Checks if two values are equal. - Not Equal (
!=or<>): Checks if two values are not equal. - Greater Than (
>): Checks if the left value is greater than the right value. - Less Than (
<): Checks if the left value is less than the right value. - Greater Than or Equal To (
>=): Checks if the left value is greater than or equal to the right value. - Less Than or Equal To (
<=): Checks if the left value is less than or equal to the right value.
SQL Compound Operators
Compound operators are shorthand for performing an operation and assigning a value in one step. They are used to simplify statements.
- Addition Assignment (
+=): Adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. - Subtraction Assignment (
-=): Subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. - Multiplication Assignment (
*=): Multiplies the left operand by the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand. - Division Assignment (
/=): Divides the left operand by the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
SQL Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to combine multiple conditions in a SQL statement.
- AND: Returns true if both conditions are true.
- OR: Returns true if at least one condition is true.
- NOT: Reverses the result of a condition (true becomes false and vice versa).