{"id":356,"date":"2024-08-26T06:21:24","date_gmt":"2024-08-26T06:21:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/techkubo.com\/sql\/?p=356"},"modified":"2025-05-23T10:48:18","modified_gmt":"2025-05-23T10:48:18","slug":"sql-keywords","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/techkubo.com\/sql\/sql-keywords\/","title":{"rendered":"SQL Keywords"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>This lesson lists and explains all standard SQL keywords, including those not supported in our playground environment. Unsupported features are clearly marked so users know what to expect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQL Keywords Table Structure and Constraints<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Keyword<\/th><th>Description<\/th><th>Playground Support Notes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><code>ADD<\/code><\/td><td>Adds a column to an existing table<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>ADD CONSTRAINT<\/code><\/td><td>Adds a constraint to an existing table<\/td><td>\u26a0\ufe0f Partially supported (some constraint types may not work)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>ALTER<\/code><\/td><td>Modifies table structure (columns, types)<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>ALTER COLUMN<\/code><\/td><td>Changes a column\u2019s data type or properties<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>ALTER TABLE<\/code><\/td><td>Adds, deletes, or modifies columns<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>CHECK<\/code><\/td><td>Limits the value range of a column<\/td><td>\u26a0\ufe0f Not enforced in some playgrounds<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>COLUMN<\/code><\/td><td>Used with <code>ALTER TABLE<\/code> to reference a column<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>CONSTRAINT<\/code><\/td><td>Used to define a rule for a column or table<\/td><td>\u26a0\ufe0f Not all constraint types supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>DEFAULT<\/code><\/td><td>Sets a default value for a column<\/td><td>\u26a0\ufe0f Supported in <code>CREATE TABLE<\/code>, but behavior may vary<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>DROP COLUMN<\/code><\/td><td>Deletes a column from a table<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>DROP CONSTRAINT<\/code><\/td><td>Removes constraints like <code>PRIMARY KEY<\/code>, <code>UNIQUE<\/code>, etc.<\/td><td>\u26a0\ufe0f Limited support<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>NOT NULL<\/code><\/td><td>Ensures a column cannot have NULL values<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>PRIMARY KEY<\/code><\/td><td>Uniquely identifies records in a table<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>FOREIGN KEY<\/code><\/td><td>Links a column to another table&#8217;s key<\/td><td>\u26a0\ufe0f Not enforced in all playgrounds<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>UNIQUE<\/code><\/td><td>Ensures all values in a column are different<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQL Keywords Data Definition (DDL)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Keyword<\/th><th>Description<\/th><th>Playground Support Notes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><code>CREATE<\/code><\/td><td>Creates tables, views, indexes, etc.<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>CREATE DATABASE<\/code><\/td><td>Creates a new database<\/td><td>\u274c Not supported in our playground<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>CREATE INDEX<\/code><\/td><td>Adds an index to improve query speed<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW<\/code><\/td><td>Updates or replaces a view<\/td><td>\u274c Not supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>CREATE PROCEDURE<\/code><\/td><td>Defines a stored procedure<\/td><td>\u274c Not supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>CREATE TABLE<\/code><\/td><td>Creates a new table<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>CREATE UNIQUE INDEX<\/code><\/td><td>Creates an index that ensures unique values<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>CREATE VIEW<\/code><\/td><td>Defines a virtual table<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>DATABASE<\/code><\/td><td>Refers to the current or another database<\/td><td>\u274c Not supported in playground (single DB only)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>DROP<\/code><\/td><td>Deletes tables, views, databases, etc.<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>DROP DATABASE<\/code><\/td><td>Deletes an entire database<\/td><td>\u274c Not supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>DROP DEFAULT<\/code><\/td><td>Removes a default constraint<\/td><td>\u26a0\ufe0f Might not apply depending on syntax support<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>DROP INDEX<\/code><\/td><td>Deletes an index<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>DROP TABLE<\/code><\/td><td>Deletes a table<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>DROP VIEW<\/code><\/td><td>Deletes a view<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>EXEC<\/code><\/td><td>Executes a stored procedure<\/td><td>\u274c Not supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>PROCEDURE<\/code><\/td><td>Refers to stored procedures<\/td><td>\u274c Not supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>TABLE<\/code><\/td><td>Refers to a table for DDL or DML commands<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>TRUNCATE TABLE<\/code><\/td><td>Deletes all rows, keeps structure<\/td><td>\u274c Not supported in our playground<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQL Keywords Data Manipulation (DML)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Keyword<\/th><th>Description<\/th><th>Playground Support Notes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><code>INSERT INTO<\/code><\/td><td>Adds new rows to a table<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>INSERT INTO SELECT<\/code><\/td><td>Copies rows from one table to another<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>UPDATE<\/code><\/td><td>Modifies existing records<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>SET<\/code><\/td><td>Assigns values in an <code>UPDATE<\/code><\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>DELETE<\/code><\/td><td>Removes rows from a table<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>VALUES<\/code><\/td><td>Provides values for an <code>INSERT<\/code><\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQL Keywords Query and Filtering<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Keyword<\/th><th>Description<\/th><th>Playground Support Notes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><code>SELECT<\/code><\/td><td>Retrieves data from one or more tables<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>SELECT DISTINCT<\/code><\/td><td>Returns unique values only<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>SELECT INTO<\/code><\/td><td>Creates a new table from a <code>SELECT<\/code><\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>SELECT TOP<\/code><\/td><td>Limits rows returned (T-SQL)<\/td><td>\u274c Use <code>LIMIT<\/code> instead<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>WHERE<\/code><\/td><td>Filters rows by condition<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>AND<\/code><\/td><td>Combines conditions (both must be true)<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>OR<\/code><\/td><td>Combines conditions (either can be true)<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>NOT<\/code><\/td><td>Negates a condition<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>IN<\/code><\/td><td>Checks if a value is in a list<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>BETWEEN<\/code><\/td><td>Checks if a value is within a range<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>LIKE<\/code><\/td><td>Searches for a pattern using wildcards<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>IS NULL<\/code><\/td><td>Tests for NULL values<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>IS NOT NULL<\/code><\/td><td>Tests for non-NULL values<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>EXISTS<\/code><\/td><td>Tests for subquery existence<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>CASE<\/code><\/td><td>Conditional logic in queries<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>AS<\/code><\/td><td>Renames a column or table with an alias<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQL Keywords Joins and Subqueries<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Keyword<\/th><th>Description<\/th><th>Playground Support Notes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><code>JOIN<\/code><\/td><td>Combines rows from two or more tables<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>INNER JOIN<\/code><\/td><td>Returns matching rows in both tables<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>LEFT JOIN<\/code><\/td><td>Returns all from left table + matched right<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>RIGHT JOIN<\/code><\/td><td>Returns all from right table + matched left<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>FULL OUTER JOIN<\/code><\/td><td>Returns all rows with matches in either table<\/td><td>\u274c Not supported in our playground<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>OUTER JOIN<\/code><\/td><td>General outer join syntax<\/td><td>\u274c Not supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>ANY<\/code><\/td><td>Returns true if any subquery values match<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>ALL<\/code><\/td><td>Returns true if all subquery values match<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQL Keywords Aggregates and Grouping<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Keyword<\/th><th>Description<\/th><th>Playground Support Notes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><code>GROUP BY<\/code><\/td><td>Groups rows for aggregate functions<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>HAVING<\/code><\/td><td>Filters groups (used with aggregates)<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>ORDER BY<\/code><\/td><td>Sorts result set by one or more columns<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>ASC<\/code><\/td><td>Sorts in ascending order<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>DESC<\/code><\/td><td>Sorts in descending order<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQL Keywords Set Operations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Keyword<\/th><th>Description<\/th><th>Playground Support Notes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><code>UNION<\/code><\/td><td>Combines SELECT results, no duplicates<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>UNION ALL<\/code><\/td><td>Combines SELECT results, includes duplicates<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQL Keywords Limits and Rows<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Keyword<\/th><th>Description<\/th><th>Playground Support Notes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><code>LIMIT<\/code><\/td><td>Limits the number of returned rows<\/td><td>\u2705 Supported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>TOP<\/code><\/td><td>Limits rows (T-SQL style)<\/td><td>\u274c Use <code>LIMIT<\/code> instead<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>ROWNUM<\/code><\/td><td>Oracle-style row limiting<\/td><td>\u274c Not supported<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQL Keywords Labs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.techkubo.com\/sql-sim.html\" title=\"Try SQL on TechKubo\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\"><\/iframe>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This lesson lists and explains all standard SQL keywords, including those not supported in our playground environment. Unsupported features are [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-356","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sql"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>SQL Keywords - SQL Tutorial<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/techkubo.com\/sql\/sql-keywords\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"SQL Keywords - SQL Tutorial\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This lesson lists and explains all standard SQL keywords, including those not supported in our playground environment. 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