{"id":266,"date":"2024-08-31T09:05:32","date_gmt":"2024-08-31T09:05:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/techkubo.com\/python\/?p=266"},"modified":"2025-06-23T15:18:45","modified_gmt":"2025-06-23T15:18:45","slug":"python-object-oriented-programming","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/techkubo.com\/python\/python-object-oriented-programming\/","title":{"rendered":"Python Object-Oriented Programming"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Classes and Objects<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python allows you to define custom data types using classes. A class is a blueprint for creating objects, which are instances of the class.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Syntax<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

class ClassName:\n    def __init__(self, attribute1, attribute2):\n        self.attribute1 = attribute1\n        self.attribute2 = attribute2\n\n    def method(self):\n        # Code for the method\n        pass<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Example<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
class Car:\n    def __init__(self, brand, model):\n        self.brand = brand\n        self.model = model\n\n    def drive(self):\n        print(f"The {self.brand} {self.model} is driving.")\n\ncar = Car("Toyota", "Corolla")\ncar.drive()  # Output: The Toyota Corolla is driving.<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • The __init__<\/code> method is a constructor that initializes the attributes of the class. Methods are functions defined inside the class that operate on its attributes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    Instance and Class Variables<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    Instance variables are unique to each object instance, while class variables are shared among all instances of a class.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Example<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    class Car:\n    wheels = 4  # Class variable\n\n    def __init__(self, brand, model):\n        self.brand = brand  # Instance variable\n        self.model = model  # Instance variable\n\ncar1 = Car("Toyota", "Corolla")\ncar2 = Car("Honda", "Civic")\n\nprint(car1.wheels)  # Output: 4\nprint(car2.wheels)  # Output: 4<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • wheels<\/code> is a class variable, so its value is shared by all instances of the Car<\/code> class. brand<\/code> and model<\/code> are instance variables, unique to each Car<\/code> object.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      Pillars of OOP<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      Python supports the four main pillars of Object-Oriented Programming:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      Encapsulation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      Bundling the data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on the data into a single unit, or class.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      <\/p>\n\n\n\n
      class Account:\n    def __init__(self, balance):\n        # Private attribute (encapsulated)\n        self.__balance = balance\n\n    def withdraw(self, amount):\n        try:\n            # Check if there's enough balance\n            if amount > self.__balance:\n                raise ValueError("Insufficient funds")\n            # Deduct amount if valid\n            self.__balance -= amount\n        except ValueError as e:\n            # Handle insufficient funds\n            print("Error:", e)\n        else:\n            # Runs only if no exception occurs\n            print(f"Withdrew: ${amount}")\n        finally:\n            # Always runs \u2014 show current balance\n            print(f"Balance: ${self.__balance}")\n\n# Create an account with $100\na = Account(100)\n\n# First withdrawal: should succeed\na.withdraw(30)\n\n# Second withdrawal: should fail due to insufficient funds\na.withdraw(100)\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
      Example:<\/strong> demonstrates encapsulation<\/strong> by using a private attribute __balance<\/code> inside an Account<\/code> class. It also uses try<\/code>, except<\/code>, else<\/code>, and finally<\/code> blocks to safely handle withdrawals and exceptions like insufficient funds. The finally<\/code> block ensures the balance is always printed, regardless of success or failure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      Abstraction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      Hiding the complex implementation details and exposing only the essential features of an object.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\n# Abstract class\nclass Vehicle(ABC):\n    @abstractmethod\n    def drive(self):\n        pass\n\n# Concrete class\nclass Car(Vehicle):\n    def drive(self):\n        print("Car is driving...")\n\n# Using abstraction\nmy_car = Car()\nmy_car.drive()  # You don't need to know how it works internally\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
      Example:<\/strong> When you call the drive()<\/code> method on a Car<\/code> object, you don’t need to know how the method works internally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      Inheritance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      Creating a new class that is a modified version of an existing class. The new class inherits attributes and methods from the parent class.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
      class ElectricCar(Car):\n    def __init__(self, brand, model, battery_size):\n        super().__init__(brand, model)\n        self.battery_size = battery_size\n\n    def charge(self):\n        print(f"The {self.brand} {self.model} is charging.")<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
      <\/p>\n\n\n\n
      Polymorphism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      The ability to present the same interface for different underlying data types or classes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
      class Dog:\n    def sound(self):\n        return "Woof!\u201d\n\nclass Cat:\n    def sound(self):\n        return "Meow!"\n\ndef make_sound(animal):\n    print(animal.sound())\n\ndog = Dog()\ncat = Cat()\nmake_sound(dog)  # Output: Woof!\nmake_sound(cat)  # Output: Meow!<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
      <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
      Classes and Objects Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python allows you to define custom data types using classes. A class is […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-266","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-python"],"yoast_head":"\nPython Object-Oriented Programming - Python Tutorial<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/techkubo.com\/python\/python-object-oriented-programming\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Python Object-Oriented Programming - Python Tutorial\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Classes and Objects Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python allows you to define custom data types using classes. 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